Desconforto musculoesquelético, capacidade de trabalho e fadiga em profissionais da enfermagem que atuam em ambiente hospitalar / Musculoskeletal discomfort, work ability and fatigue in nursing professionals working in a hospital environment / Incomodidad musculoesquelética, capacidad laboral y fatiga en profesionales de la enfermería que actúan en ambiente hospitalario

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o desconforto musculoesquelético, a capacidade para o trabalho e a fadiga residual em profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em Hospital. Método Estudo transversal com profissionais de um hospital público de médio porte. Foram utilizados o questionário nórdico de sintomas, o índice de capacidade para o trabalho e a escala de necessidade de descanso (fadiga). Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e aplicaram-se testes inferenciais com o intuito de verificar a associação da fadiga e a capacidade para o trabalho e comparar a fadiga entre os setores analisados. Resultados Participaram da pesquisa 110 profissionais. Um total de 86,24% dos trabalhadores relatou desconforto osteomuscular, com maior prevalência na coluna cervical, torácica e lombar. Aproximadamente 43% dos profissionais apresentaram fadiga residual. Verificou-se associação significante entre fadiga e redução da capacidade para o trabalho (p<0,003), assim como associação entre menor idade e maior fadiga (p<0,03). Conclusão Os resultados mostraram uma alta prevalência de desconforto osteomuscular no último ano e uma quantidade considerável de profissionais que apresentaram fadiga residual instalada. Destaca-se também uma importante parcela dos trabalhadores com moderada capacidade de trabalho, que requer atenção em médio prazo.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the musculoskeletal discomfort, work ability and residual fatigue in nursing professionals working in the hospital setting. Method Cross-sectional study with professionals from a medium-sized public hospital. The Nordic symptom questionnaire, the work ability index, and the need for recovery scale (fatigue) were used. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferential tests were applied in order to verify the association of fatigue and work ability, and compare the fatigue among sectors analyzed. Results Participation of 110 professionals in the study. A total of 86.24% of workers reported musculoskeletal discomfort, with a higher prevalence in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. Approximately 43% of professionals presented residual fatigue. There was a significant association between fatigue and reduction of work ability (p<0.003), as well as association between younger age and greater fatigue (p<0.03). Conclusion Results demonstrated a high prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort in the previous year and a considerable number of professionals with residual fatigue. There was a substantial portion of workers with moderate work ability and requiring attention in the medium term.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la incomodidad musculoesquelética, la capacidad laboral y la fatiga residual en profesionales de la enfermería que actúan en Hospital. Método Estudio transversal con profesionales de un hospital público de mediano porte. Fueron utilizados el cuestionario nórdico de síntomas, el índice de capacidad laboral y la escala de necesidad de descanso. Los datos fueron analizados descriptivamente y se aplicaron pruebas inferenciales con el fin de verificar la asociación de la fatiga y la capacidad laboral y comparar la fatiga entre los sectores analizados. Resultados Participaron en la investigación 110 profesionales. Un total del 86,24% de los trabajadores relató incomodidad osteomuscular, con mayor prevalencia en la columna cervical, torácica y lumbar. Un 43% de los profesionales presentaron fatiga residual. Se verificó asociación significativa entre fatiga y reducción de la capacidad laboral (p<0,003), así como asociación entre menor edad y mayor fatiga (p<0,03). Conclusión Los resultados mostraron una alta prevalencia de incomodidad osteomuscular en el último año y una cantidad considerable de profesionales que presentaron fatiga residual instalada. Se destaca también una importante parte de los trabajadores con moderada capacidad laboral, que requiere de atención a mediano plazo.

Inter- and intra-rater reliability of computerized photogrammetry and universal goniometer in the measurement of hip flexion and abduction / Confiabilidade inter e intra-avaliadores na fotogrametria e do goniômetro universal na medida da abdução e flexão do quadril / La exactitud inter y intraexaminadores de la fotogrametría y del goniómetro universal en mediciones de abducción y flexión de las caderas

ABSTRACT The universal goniometer (UG) is the most frequently used tool for measuring range of motion (ROM), with demonstrated reliability. Computerized photogrammetry (CP) is widely used for postural assessment, but its role in the measurement of ROM of hip flexion and abduction has not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to test inter- and intra-rater reliability for measuring ROM of hip flexion and abduction using UG and CP, as well as the reliability between the instruments. Our sample consisted of 40 healthy volunteers (aged from 18 to 28 years). Measurements of ROM were conducted by two independent raters, 15 minutes apart, using UG and CP to assess inter-rater reliability. The procedures were repeated one week later by the first rater (intra-rater reliability). Using UG, inter-rater reliability was excellent for flexion and abduction (ICC=0.92 and 0.91, respectively); using CP, it was rated as very good (ICC=0.77 and 0.80, respectively). Intra-rater reliability using UG was excellent for flexion and abduction (ICC=0.95 and 0.92), and very good using CP (ICC= 0.81 and 0.89). The correlation between the instruments was excellent for flexion and very good for abduction (r=0.92 and r=0.82). Future investigations should seek a more diversified sample and symptomatic patients. Inter- and intra-rater reliability is high when measuring range of motion of hip flexion and abduction using both UG and CP, and the correlation between instruments is excellent for flexion and very good for abduction, meaning that both are valid.

RESUMO O goniômetro universal (GU) é uma ferramenta, com credibilidade comprovada, mais frequentemente usada para medir a amplitude de movimento (AM). A fotogrametria computadorizada (FC) é amplamente utilizada para avaliação postural, mas seu uso para medir a AM da abdução e flexão do quadril ainda não foi totalmente explorado. Este estudo visou testar a confiabilidade inter e intra-avaliadores para a medição da AM da abdução e flexão do quadril usando o GU e a FC, além da confiabilidade entre instrumentos. Nossa amostra constituiu-se de 40 voluntários saudáveis (idade entre 18 e 28 anos). As medições da AM foram conduzidas por dois avaliadores independentes, com 15 minutos de intervalo, usando o GU e a FC para analisar a confiabilidade entre avaliadores. Os procedimentos foram repetidos uma semana depois pelo primeiro avaliador (inter e intra-avaliadores). Com o GU, a confiabilidade inter e intra-avaliadores foi excelente para a flexão e abdução (ICC=0,92 e 0,91, respectivamente); a FC foi classificada como muito boa (ICC=0,77 e 0,80, respectivamente). Usando-se o GU, a confiabilidade inter e intra-avaliadores foi excelente para a flexão e abdução (ICC=0,95 e 0,92), e muito boa para a FC (ICC=0,81 e 0,89). A correlação entre instrumentos foi excelente para a flexão e muito boa para a abdução (r=0,92 e r=0,82). Estudos futuros sobre o assunto deveriam usar uma amostra mais diversificada e pacientes sintomáticos. A confiabilidade inter e intra-avaliadores é alta quando se mede a amplitude do movimento da flexão e abdução do quadril, usando-se o GU e a FC, e a correlação entre instrumentos é excelente para a flexão e muito boa para a abdução, o que significa que ambos são válidos.

RESUMEN El goniómetro universal (GU) es un instrumento comprobadamente fiable que se emplea para medir la amplitud del movimiento (AM). La fotogrametría computadorizada (FC) es más utilizada para evaluar la postura, pero no se emplea mucho para medir la AM de la abducción y flexión de las caderas. En este estudio el propósito es comprobar la exactitud entre e intraexaminadores en medir la AM de la abducción y flexión de las caderas, empleando el GU y la FC, además de la exactitud entre instrumentos. Participaron cuarenta personas sanas (con edad entre 18 y 28 años). Dos examinadores independientes midieron la AM, con 15 minutos de intervalo, empleando el GU y la FC para evaluar la exactitud entre examinadores. Los procedimientos fueron repetidos una semana después por el primer examinador (entre e intraexaminadores). Con el GU, la exactitud entre e intraexaminadores fue excelente para la flexión y abducción (ICC=0,92 y 0,91, respectivamente); y se clasificó la FC como muy buena (ICC=0,77 y 0,80, respectivamente). Con el empleo del GU, la exactitud intra y entre examinadores fue excelente para la flexión y abducción (ICC=0,95 y 0,92), y muy buena para la FC (ICC=0,81 y 0,89). La correlación entre instrumentos fue excelente para la flexión y muy buena para la abducción (r=0,92 y r=0,82). Se necesitan más estudios que utilicen un muestreo más diverso y con pacientes sintomáticos. La exactitud entra e intraexaminadores es muy eficaz, cuando se mide la amplitud del movimiento de la flexión y abducción de las caderas con el GU y la FC, y la correlación entre instrumentos es excelente para la flexión y muy buena para la abducción, lo que devela que ambos instrumentos son fiables.

Q-angle in patellofemoral pain: relationship with dynamic knee valgus, hip abductor torque, pain and function / Ângulo-q na dor patelofemoral: relação com valgo dinâmico de joelho, torque abdutor do quadril, dor e função

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the q-angle and anterior knee pain severity, functional capacity, dynamic knee valgus and hip abductor torque in women with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). METHODS: This study included 22 women with PFPS. The q-angle was assessed using goniometry: the participants were positioned in dorsal decubitus with the knee and hip extended, and the hip and foot in neutral rotation. Anterior knee pain severity was assessed using a visual analog scale, and functional capacity was assessed using the anterior knee pain scale. Dynamic valgus was evaluated using the frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of the knee, which was recorded using a digital camera during step down, and hip abductor peak torque was recorded using a handheld dynamometer. RESULTS: The q-angle did not present any significant correlation with severity of knee pain (r = -0.29; p = 0.19), functional capacity (r = -0.08; p = 0.72), FPPA (r = -0.28; p = 0.19) or isometric peak torque of the abductor muscles (r = -0.21; p = 0.35). CONCLUSION: The q-angle did not present any relationship with pain intensity, functional capacity, FPPA, or hip abductor peak torque in the patients with PFPS.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre o ângulo-q e intensidade da dor anterior no joelho, capacidade funcional, valgo dinâmico de joelho e torque abdutor do quadril em mulheres com síndrome da dor patelofemoral (SDPF). MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 22 mulheres com SDPF. O ângulo-q foi avaliado pela goniometria, as participantes foram posicionadas em decúbito dorsal com joelho e quadril estendido e quadril e pé em rotação neutra. A intensidade da dor anterior do joelho foi avaliada pela escala visual analógica de dor e a capacidade funcional com a escala de dor anterior no joelho. O valgo dinâmico foi avaliado pelo ângulo de projeção no plano frontal do joelho (APPF), registrado com câmera digital durante step down, e o pico de torque dos abdutores do quadril com dinamômetro manual. RESULTADOS: O ângulo-q não apresentou correlação significativa com a intensidade da dor no joelho (r = -0,29; p = 0,19), capacidade funcional (r = -0,08; p = 0,72), ângulo de projeção no plano frontal do joelho (r = -0,28; p = 0,19) e pico de torque isométrico dos músculos abdutores (r = -0,21; p = 0,35). CONCLUSÃO: O ângulo-q não apresentou relação com a intensidade da dor, capacidade funcional, ângulo de projeção no plano frontal do joelho e pico de torque dos abdutores do quadril em pacientes com SDPF.

Equilíbrio, controle postural e força muscular em idosas osteoporóticas com e sem quedas / Balance, postural control and muscle strength in osteoporotic elderly women with and without falls

Um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública na população idosa são as quedas, agravando-se quando relacionadas à presença de osteoporose. Dentre os vários fatores de risco, destacam-se a diminuição do equilíbrio, controle postural e força muscular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o equilíbrio, o controle postural e a força muscular em idosas osteoporóticas com e sem quedas referidas no último ano. Foram avaliadas 45 mulheres entre 65 e 85 anos, divididas em dois grupos com base no relato de quedas nos 12 meses anteriores à avaliação: grupo com quedas (GCQ; n=21) e grupo sem quedas (GSQ; n=24). O equilíbrio foi avaliado por meio da escala de equilíbrio de Berg; o controle postural pelo teste clínico modificado de interação sensorial no equilíbrio (mCTSIB), realizado no equipamento Balance Master®; e a força muscular dos flexores e extensores de joelho e dorsiflexores de tornozelo, com dinamômetro EMG System do Brasil®. Foi considerado nível de significância α=0,05. Houve diferença significativa no equilíbrio (p<0,01) e na velocidade de oscilação do Centro de Pressão (CP) durante o teste mCTSIB nas condições olhos fechados superfície estável (p=0,05) e olhos abertos superfície instável (p<0,01), com valores maiores para o GCQ. Os grupos foram semelhantes entre si em relação à força muscular (p>0,05). Nossos resultados indicam que idosas osteoporóticas com histórico de quedas nos últimos 12 meses possuem pior equilíbrio e controle postural em relação às osteoporóticas sem quedas referidas.

Falls are one of the biggest public health problems in the elderly population, worsening when related to the presence of osteoporosis. Among the various risk factors are highlighted decreased balance, muscle strength and postural control. This study aim is to compare the balance, postural control and muscle strength in osteoporotic elderly women with and without falls reported in the last year. We evaluated 45 women between 65 and 85 years, divided into two groups, based on reports of falls in the 12 months prior to assessment: group with falls (n=21) and group without falls (n=24). Balance was assessed using the Berg balance scale; postural control by the modified clinical test of sensory interaction on balance (mCTSIB); performed by equipment Balance Master®, and muscle strength of knee flexors and extensors and ankle extensor by the dynamometer® EMG System of Brazil. We considered the level of significance α=0.05. There were significant differences in balance (p<0.01) and the speed of oscillation of the center of pressure (CP) during the test conditions mCTSIB eyes closed surface (p=0.05) and unstable eyes open (p<0.01), with higher values for the group with falls. The groups were similar to muscle strength (p>0.05). Our results indicate that osteoporotic elderly women with a history of falls in the last 12 months have poor balance and postural control in elderly osteoporotic compared to those without falls.

Postural control among elderly women with and without osteoporosis: is there a difference? / Controle postural de idosas com e sem osteoporose: há diferenças?

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Little is known about postural control among elderly individuals with osteoporosis and its relationship with falls. It has been suggested that elderly women with kyphosis and osteoporosis are at greater risk of falling. The aim of this study was to evaluate posture and postural control among elderly women with and without osteoporosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at the Physical Therapy and Electromyography Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). METHODS: Sixty-six elderly women were selected from the bone metabolism disorders clinic, Division of Rheumatology, USP, and were divided into two groups: osteoporosis and controls, according to their bone mineral density (BMD). Postural control was assessed using the Limits of Stability (LOS) test and the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIBm) and posture, using photometry. RESULTS: The elderly women with osteoporosis swayed at higher velocity on a stable surface with opened eyes (0.30 versus 0.20 degrees/second; P = 0.038). In both groups, the center of pressure (COP) was at 30 percent in the LOS, but with different placements: 156° in the osteoporosis group and 178° in the controls (P = 0.045). Osteoporosis patients fell more than controls did (1.0 versus 0.0; P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: The postural control in elderly women with osteoporosis differed from that of the controls, with higher sway velocity and maximum displacement of COP. Despite postural abnormalities such as hyperkyphosis and forward head, the COP position was posteriorized.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Pouco se sabe sobre o controle postural de idosos com osteoporose e sua relação com as quedas. Foi sugerido que idosas cifóticas com osteoporose têm maior risco de quedas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o controle postural e a postura em idosas com e sem osteoporose. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado no Laboratório de Avaliação Fisioterapêutica e Eletromiografia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). MÉTODOS: Sessenta e seis mulheres idosas foram selecionadas da Clínica de Doenças Osteometabólicas da Divisão de Reumatologia da Universidade de São Paulo e divididas em dois grupos: osteoporose e controle, de acordo com a densidade mineral óssea (DMO). Foi avaliado o controle postural pelos testes Limite de Estabilidade (LOS) e Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIBm) e a postura pela fotometria. RESULTADOS: As idosas com osteoporose oscilaram com maior velocidade em superfície firme com olhos abertos (0,30 x 0,20 graus/segundo, P = 0,038). O COP (centro de pressão) de ambos os grupos encontrava-se a 30 por cento do LOS, porém com posicionamentos distintos: 156° no grupo osteoporose e 178° no grupo controle (P = 0,045). As osteoporóticas caíram com maior frequência em comparação aos controles (1,0 x 0,0, P = 0,036). CONCLUSÃO: O controle postural de idosas com osteoporose diferiu dos controles, com maior velocidade de oscilação e máximo deslocamento do COP, e que apesar da presença de alterações posturais como hipercifose e anteriorização de cabeça, o COP se encontrou posteriorizado.

Postural assessment software (PAS/SAPO): validation and reliabiliy

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to estimate the accuracy of the postural assessment software (PAS/SAPO) for measurement of corporal angles and distances as well as the inter- and intra-rater reliabilities. INTRODUCTION: Postural assessment software was developed as a subsidiary tool for postural assessment. It is easy to use and available in the public domain. Nonetheless, validation studies are lacking. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 88 pictures from 22 subjects, and each subject was assessed twice (1 week interval) by 5 blinded raters. Inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. To estimate the accuracy of the software, an inanimate object was marked with hallmarks using pre-established parameters. Pictures of the object were rated, and values were checked against the known parameters. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability was excellent for 41 percent of the variables and very good for 35 percent. Ten percent of the variables had acceptable reliability, and 14 percent were defined as non-acceptable. For intra-rater reliability, 44.8 percent of the measurements were considered to be excellent, 23.5 percent were very good, 12.4 percent were acceptable and 19.3 percent were considered non-acceptable. Angular measurements had a mean error analisys of 0.11°, and the mean error analisys for distance was 1.8 mm. DISCUSSION: Unacceptable intraclass correlation coefficient values typically used the vertical line as a reference, and this may have increased the inaccuracy of the estimates. Increased accuracies were obtained by younger raters with more sophisticated computer skills, suggesting that past experience influenced results. CONCLUSION: The postural assessment software was accurate for measuring corporal angles and distances and should be considered as a reliable tool for postural assessment.

Segmental stabilization and muscular strengthening in chronic low back pain: a comparative study

OBJECTIVE: To contrast the efficacy of two exercise programs, segmental stabilization and strengthening of abdominal and trunk muscles, on pain, functional disability, and activation of the transversus abdominis muscle (TrA), in individuals with chronic low back pain. DESIGN: Our sample consisted of 30 individuals, randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: segmental stabilization, where exercises focused on the TrA and lumbar multifidus muscles, and superficial strengthening, where exercises focused on the rectus abdominis, abdominus obliquus internus, abdominus obliquus externus, and erector spinae. Groups were examined to discovere whether the exercises created contrasts regarding pain (visual analogical scale and McGill pain questionnaire), functional disability (Oswestry disability questionnaire), and TrA muscle activation capacity (Pressure Biofeedback Unit = PBU). The program lasted 6 weeks, and 30-minute sessions occurred twice a week. Analysis of variance was used for inter- and intra-group comparisons. The significance level was established at 5 percent. RESULTS: As compared to baseline, both treatments were effective in relieving pain and improving disability (p<0.001). Those in the segmental stabilization group had significant gains for all variables when compared to the ST group (p<0.001), including TrA activation, where relative gains were 48.3 percent and -5.1 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: Both techniques lessened pain and reduced disability. Segmental stabilization is superior to superficial strengthening for all variables. Superficial strengthening does not improve TrA activation capacity.

Estabilização segmentar da coluna lombar nas lombalgias: uma revisão bibliográfica e um programa de exercícios / Spinal segmental stabilization in low-back pain: a literature review and an exercise program

No tratamento de lombalgias, exercicios tradicionais de fortalecimento dos músculos abdominais e extensores do tronco têm sido alvo de críticas por submeter a coluna vertebral a altas cargas de trabalho, aumentando o risco de nova lesão. Estudos recentes comprovam a eficácia da estabilização segmentar como tratamento para a lombalgia...

When treating low-back pain, traditional exercises for strengthening abdomen and erector muscles have been criticised for their submitting spinal structures to high loads, thereby increasing the risk of new injury. Recent studies have pointed to the effectiveness of segmental stabilization in treating low-back pain, less damaging since it is done in neutral position...

Effect of global posture reeducation and of static stretching on pain, range of motion, and quality of life in women with chronic neck pain: a randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE: Compare the effect of conventional static stretching and muscle chain stretching, as proposed by the global posture reeducation method, in the manual therapy of patients with chronic neck pain. METHODS: Thirty-three female patients aged 35 to 60 years old, 31 of whom completed the program, were randomly divided into two groups: The global posture reeducation group (n=15) performed muscle chain stretching, while the conventional stretching group (n=16) performed conventional static muscle stretching. Both groups also underwent manual therapy. Patients were evaluated before and after treatment and at a six-week follow-up appointment and tested for pain intensity (by means of visual analog scale), range of motion (by goniometry), and health-related quality of life (by the SF-36 questionnaire). The treatment program consisted of two 1-hour individual sessions per week for six weeks. Data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: Significant pain relief and range of motion improvement were observed after treatment in both groups, with a slight reduction at follow-up time. Quality of life also improved after treatment, except for the global posture reeducation group in one domain; at follow-up, there was improvement in all domains, except that both groups reported increased pain. There were no significant differences between groups CONCLUSION: Conventional stretching and muscle chain stretching in association with manual therapy were equally effective in reducing pain and improving the range of motion and quality of life of female patients with chronic neck pain, both immediately after treatment and at a six-week follow-up, suggesting that stretching exercises should be prescribed to chronic neck pain patients.